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Distinguishing the terms: Latins and Romans
Latins and Romans
sede sedens Teucros ad sese in tecta vocavit. #Vergil, Aeneid 7:192-193.
The Latins were an Indo-European people of the Italic branch who about the beginning of the 1st millenium BC have been settled in Central Italy, in a country south of the banks of the Tiber that was called Latium (modern Lazio). It was believed their names originated from the legendary king Latinus who ruled the city of Alba Longa in the 9th c. BC.
Politically the ancient Latium was a loose federation of city-states, such as Alba Longa, Tusculum, Lavinium, Ardea, Tibur (now Tivoli) and Praeneste (Palestrina), centered at the sanctuary of Jupiter on Albanus Mons. The city of Rome (in Latin Roma) was founded in the northern part of Latium in 754 or 753 BC by the twin brothers Romulus and Remus (it was called after Romulus) and for centuries served as a bulwark of Latinity against the Etruscan power. Starting in the late 6th c. BC the Romans gradually subjugated Italy and in the eve of the Christian era accomplished conquering the lands around the Mediterranean sea, thus creating an immense empire.
Under the Roman power the Latins had the status of socii (i.e. allies), which gave them great inner autonomy. After the so called Social war in 90-89 BC they obtained the rights of Roman citizens and subsequently all the people originating from Italy and speaking Latin as their mother thongue appealed themselves Romans. In 211 the Constitutio Antoniana de Civitate granted Roman citizenship to all the people under the rule of Rome. Since then the term Roman became a designation of a political community and as such went beyond the primary ethnic frames. It was applied to Celts, Iberians, Daco-Thracians and Illyrians who have abandoned their own languages for Latin and in this manner were completely assimilated, but also to the Greeks in the Eastern provinces who, though preserving their Greek language, adopted the name of Romans (in Greek Rhômaíoi) as a mark of their rise to political predominance in the state affairs of the East.
In the Middle ages the term Romans was used in Western Europe for making an inner distinction from Germans in the unified body of the Western Christendom. On the other hand, as Latin was the official written language in the matters of church and state, the term Latins was in common use by all Western Christians (whether Romance-, German- or Slavic-speaking nations) as distinguishing between themselves and the peoples from the rest of the world. Thus, the crusaders' states in the East were were given the name Latin. In the official political relations of Western Europe till the 11th c. the appeal of Roman was applied to the Eastern Roman empire (Byzantium), but its factual linguistic Hellenization combined with its power decline, made the Westerners to refer to it as a Greek empire and to its inhabitants as Greeks with a sense of undoubted despise. As a sign of prestige, both the empires of Charlemagne (established AD 800) and of Otho I (established AD 962) were labeled Roman.
Source: http://www.orbilat.com/General_Survey/Terms--Latins_and_Romans.html
The original Latins were an Italic tribe inhabiting central and south-central Italy. Through conquest by their most populous city-state, Rome, the original Latins culturally "Romanized" or "Latinized" the rest of Italy. In this way the word "Latin" ceased to mean a particular people or ethnicity. Subsequently, other regions, particularly the European ones such as Italy, Spain, Romania, Portugal and France became lastingly culturally "Latinized" by the Roman Empire. Thus, from an early stage in its history, when used as a label for various groups of people, the term "Latin" has had purely legal and cultural meanings, not ethnic.
A millennium after the fall of the Western Roman Empire of which they formed part, these European nations began to spread their Latin-derived languages and cultures around the world through their own empires, especially in the Americas. The meaning of the term "Latin" has thus broadened from its ancient meaning to refer to a number of different peoples in Europe and in Latin America, typically those who speak Romance languages.Contents [hide]
1 Antiquity
2 Middle Ages
3 Modern uses
3.1 Latin Europeans
3.2 Latin Americans
4 See also
5 External links
6 References
Antiquity
Main article: Latins (Italic tribe)
Further information: Latin League
Groups within the Italian peninsula.
Ligures
Veneti
Etruscans
Piceni
Umbrians
Latins
Osci
Messapii
Greeks
Latins were an ancient Italic people of the Latium region in central Italy, (Latium Vetus - Old Latium), in the 1st millennium BC, after migrating there from the Danube Region. Though they lived in independent city-states, the Latins spoke a common language (Latin), held common religious beliefs, and shared a close sense of kinship, expressed in the myth that they all descended from Latinus. Latinus was worshiped on Mons Albanus (Monte Albano) during an annual festival attended by all Latins, including those from Rome, one of the Latin states. The Latin cities extended common rights of residence and trade to one another.
Rome's territorial ambitions united the rest of the Latins against it in 341 BC, but the final victory was on Rome's side in 338 BC. Consequently, some of the Latin states were incorporated within the Roman state, and their inhabitants were given full Roman citizenship. Others became Roman allies and enjoyed certain privileges. Gradually, with the spread of Roman power throughout Italy and Western Europe, Latin ceased to be an ethnic term and became a legal category.
Middle Ages
Further information: Latin Rite and Western Christianity
After the fall of the Roman Empire, many Europeans held on to the "Latin" identity, more specifically, in the sense of the Romans, as members of the Empire.
In the Byzantine Empire or East Roman Empire, and the broader Greek-Orthodox world, Latins was a synonym for all people who followed Roman Catholic Christianity.[1] It was generally a negative characterization, especially after the 1054 schism.[2] Latins is still used by the Orthodox church communities, but only in a theological context.
The Holy Roman Empire was founded after the fall of Rome but brandished the name of the Roman people and honoured the king with the title "King of the Romans". Despite this, the Holy Roman Empire was largely a Germanic affair with German kings, although its territory was considerably greater than present day Germany. At times, the Holy Roman Empire did not even include the city of Rome.
The term was later borrowed, in various variants, by several languages of the Middle East and southern Asia, sometimes referring to any European.
Modern uses It has been suggested that portions of this section be moved into Latin peoples.
Main article: Latin Europe
The term "Latin" is sometimes used in reference to European people whose cultures are particularly Roman-derived, generally including the use of Romance languages.[3] Strong Roman legal and cultural traditions characterize these nations. Latin Europe is a major subdivision of Europe, along with Germanic Europe and Slavic Europe.
Latin Americans
Main article: Latin America
Of all world regions, the Americas have been most significantly influenced by Romance-speaking European countries in regards to culture, language, religion, and genetic contribution to the population. The Latin European-influenced region of the Americas came to be called Latin America in the 19th century. The French Emperor Napoleon III is often credited with this naming.[4] The term is usually used to refer to Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries, namely Hispanic America and Brazil. Most Latin Americans have Latin European ancestry, especially Spanish and Portuguese, usually mixed with either Native American or African ancestry, or both.
Ancient Italian Peninsula
http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsEurope/ItalyRome.htm
Tuesday, September 7, 2010
Spanish Armada sails to sports prominence
Spanish Armada sails to sports prominence
The entire top quarter of the men's draw is populated by Spanish surnames: Lopez, Verdasco, Ferrer, Nadal. It could be the semis of a fine clay-court championship in Barcelona.
But this isn't Barcelona, or the red-brick terre battue of Roland Garros. This is the US Open, on the lightning-fast asphalt in Flushing Meadows, Queens.
It's a new world.
This has already been an extraordinary, record-setting first week for Spanish men at the Open, in what has been a spectacular sports year for Spain. Six Spanish men, with world No. 1 Rafael Nadal leading the way, have made it through to the Round of 16.
That equals the previous record at the French Open, where six Spaniards -- who have long felt at home on the Paris clay -- reached the fourth round in 1998. Spanish men have won 10 French Open championships in the past 18 years.
Spain's breakout performance at the Open comes in a year of global sports domination for Spain. In July, Spain won its first World Cup in fútbol, with Nadal cheering on La Furia Roja (The Spanish Fury). Fresh from seizing his second title at Wimbledon, Nadal raced to South Africa, donned face paint and hung out in the locker room as Spain's exquisite precision passing game outclassed the Netherlands, 1-0.
Also in July, Alberto Contador, who grew up in a small village outside Madrid, won his third Tour de France, cycling's most prestigious Grand Tour. Spaniards have won the last five Tours de France (with Oscar Pereiro and Carlos Sastre joining Contador on the podium), and prior to Lance Armstrong's dominance, Miguel Indurain, from Navarra, captured five straight Tour wins in the 1990s.
But it's Nadal who's the most recognized Spanish athlete on the planet. At the tender age of 24, Nadal, from the Mediterranean island of Mallorca, has won eight Grand Slams. In July he captured the French Open (his fifth) and Wimbledon back-to-back for the second time. He is ranked No. 1 in the world and, as the top seed at the US Open, is bidding to win a career Slam, seeking to add the only one of the four he doesn't already list on his swelling resume.
The success could not come at a more opportune time for Spain. The Iberian nation, which joined the European Union in 1986 after nearly four decades of dictatorship and isolation from Western Europe, has been hit harder by the worldwide recession than almost any other developed nation. Unemployment is officially about 20 percent, with as much as 40 percent of young people out of work. A housing crisis and financial turmoil, including troubled banks, have led to Spain's credit-ratings downgrade and a new cycle of pessimism.
But Spanish spirits have been momentarily lifted over the last few months, not by hopeful economic news, but by the world-beating exploits of Nadal, Contador and España's national team. And the successes have given this country, home to autonomous regions and longtime independence movements, something to unite behind.
Spain is riding a wave of success in other fields, too. Long a leader in world tourism, the nation of 45 million people welcomes nearly 60 million visitors annually to its beaches and historic cities. Spain has also been celebrated for its culinary achievements.
Ferrán Adrià, the experimental chef-wizard-scientist of El Bulli, the impossible-to-get-into restaurant on the Costa Brava, has routinely been labeled the greatest chef on the planet, and his restaurant lauded as the most spectacular in the world (now for the bad news: it's closing in 2012).
Other innovative chefs and restaurants in Barcelona, San Sebastián (in Spain's northern Basque country), Madrid and other cities have garnered worldwide accolades. San Sebastián is said to have more Michelin-starred restaurants per-capita than any city in the world, and Spain is widely thought to have surpassed France as a culinary destination.
The recent Newsweek survey of "The World's Top Countries," which rated a variety of cultural and quality-of-life factors, named Spain a "foodie's mecca" and "the Best Place to Dine" in the world.
Even Nadal, in his ubiquitous Tennis Channel spot, touts Spanish paprika and olive oil in his favorite recipe of "pasta and gambas."
Of course, all eyes are on Nadal, but at least one Spanish man is guaranteed to make a semifinal at the 2010 US Open. If it weren't for the fact that the top quarter -- Nadal's section -- is so stacked with swashbuckling Spaniards, it's conceivable that the final weekend would have an even stronger Spanish flavor.
Amid the culinary options on the grounds of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center, there's not yet a paella place or a great joint for tapas. But the Stonyfield Café in the Food Court does feature gazpacho on the menu.
I'd suggest they stock up.
http://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2010-09-06/201009061283801571731.html
Wednesday, September 1, 2010
Sunday, July 18, 2010
Madridismus: RealMadrid
Esta página da la información actualizada sobre Real Madrid C.F., La Liga, y mas.